Grant Hamilton cartoon for Judge Magazine on William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech, Democratic National Convention, Chicago, July 9, 1896. Bryan, an advocate for free silver made a speech at the Democratic National Convention which became known as the "Cross of Gold" in his speech he spoke against the gold standard and for silver to be back as a monetary standard. McKinley won more easily than in 1896, making inroads in the silver West. With far less money than McKinley, Bryan embarked on a nationwide campaign tour by train on a then-unprecedented scale. An 1896 cartoon of William Jennings Bryan supporting "Free Silver." What exactly did he mean that money did not need to be "backed" by gold? [4] In 1830, Treasury Secretary Samuel D. Ingham proposed adjusting the ratio between gold and silver in US currency to 15.8:1, which had for some time been the ratio in Europe. It offers discussion questions, classroom activities, and primary source analysis tools. As yet, no one at the convention had effectively spoken for that cause, which was paramount to the delegates. [50], "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman lived up to his nickname with an incendiary address which began with a reference to his home state's role in beginning the Civil War. According to Jones, it was clear that Bland could not win, and that Bryan could not be stopped. (Wikipedia). The thirty-six-year-old former Congressman from Nebraska aspired to be the Democratic nominee for president, and he had been skillfully, but quietly, building support for himself among the delegates. Hamilton proposed a monetary system based on bimetallism, in which the new currency would be equal to a given amount of gold, or a larger amount of silver; at the time a given weight of gold was worth about 15 times as much as the same amount of silver. Bryan, once seated, was Nebraska's representative to the Committee on Resolutions (generally called the "platform committee"), which allocated 80minutes to each side in the debate and selected Bryan as one of the speakers. What we need is an Andrew Jackson to stand as Jackson stood, against the encroachments of aggregated wealth. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_of_Gold_speech&oldid=1138712489, United States National Recording Registry recordings, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using infobox event with unknown parameters, Pages using infobox event with blank parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bryan nominated for president by the Democrats, This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 05:01. We have simply called attention to what you know. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of libertythe cause of humanity. Bryan had been a dark horse candidate with little support in the convention. The session was supposed to begin at 10:00a.m., but as delegates, slowed by the long commute from the hotels to the Coliseum and fatigue from the first two days, did not arrive on time, proceedings did not begin until 10:45. Source: Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention Held in Chicago, Illinois, July 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, 1896, (Logansport, Indiana, 1896), 226234. They are also most often funny. A. He did for Rome what Jackson did when he destroyed the bank conspiracy and saved America. His speeches impressed many; even some of his opponents later conceded that Bryan was the most compelling speaker they had ever heard. [63] Two alert police officers had joined Bryan as he left the podium, anticipating the crush. [59] According to political scientist Richard F. Bensel in his study of the 1896 Democratic convention, "Although the silver men knew they would win this fight, they nonetheless needed someone to tell themand the gold menwhy they must enshrine silver at the heart of the platform. The new unit of currency was defined to be equal to 24.75 grains (1.604g) of gold, or alternatively, 371.25 grains (24.057g) of silver, establishing a ratio of value between gold and silver of 15:1. [9], To advocates of what became known as free silver, the 1873 act became known as the "Crime of '73". Many Americans, however, believed that bimetallism (making both gold and silver legal tender) was necessary for the nation's economic health. For one thing, he began the 1896 convention without any official statusthe Democratic National Committee, which made the initial determination of which delegations would be seated, had chosen the pro-gold Nebraskans to represent their state. Cross of Gold Speech - Analysis | Milestone Documents - Milestone Documents William Jennings Bryan: "Cross of Gold" Speech Log in to see the full document and commentary. [88] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch opined that with the speech, Bryan "just about immortalized himself". A cartoon from the magazine "Judge" criticizing William Jennings Bryan for his "Cross of Gold" speech. Four years previously, the former Nebraska congressman had electrified Democratic delegates with his "Cross of Gold" speech, which defined the policy of "free silver" as a moral crusade and helped propel him to the party's presidential nomination . Historian James A. Barnes, in his historical journal article pointing out myths that have arisen about Bryan's candidacy and campaign, stated that Bryan's efforts bore fruit even before the convention: By April, 1896, many individuals were quietly working for Bryan's nomination. (The cartoon appeared in the post-dated July 7 issue of Harper's Weekly, published in late June.) They can find where the holders of fixed investments have. The gold men, though they possessed the machinery of the party, had neither the power nor the strength to challenge their opponents. At 36 years old, with two terms in Congress and a failed 1894 run for Senate under his belt, Bryan was the party's most outspoken and effective champion of silver. Mark Zuckerberg - Zuckerberg in April 2019. We do not come as aggressors. I want to suggest this truth, that if the gold standard is a good thing we ought to declare in favor of its retention and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the gold standard is a bad thing, why should we wait until some other nations are willing to help us to let it go? We demand that the standard silver dollar shall be a full legal tender, equally with gold, for all debts, public and private, and we favor such legislation as will prevent for the future the demonitization of any kind of legal tender by private contract. Consciousness of grievances of years and not of months was reflected in the decisive action of the state Democratic conventions in the spring and early summer of 1896. If they ask us here why it is we say more on the money question than we say upon the tariff question, I reply that if protection has slain its thousands the gold standard has slain its tens of thousands. TABLE 7 Comparative Analysis of Two Theoretical Explanations of Personality . If the gold standard is a good thing, why try to get rid of it? Why, as individuals we might have been glad to compliment the gentleman from New York [Senator Hill], but we knew that the people for whom we speak would never be willing to put him in a position where he could thwart the will of the Democratic Party. Let me assure him that not one person in all this convention entertains the least hostility to the people of the state of Massachusetts. W.J. [72] When Bryan resumed, his comparison of miner with miser again electrified the audience; the uproar prevented him from continuing for several minutes. The 36-year old Bryan was an avowed bimetallist, placed himself in the tradition of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson against moneyed interests and in favor of "hardy pioneers who braved all. The issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1. We reply that when we advocate a thing which we believe will be successful we are not compelled to raise a doubt as to our own sincerity by trying to show what we will do if we are wrong. That is the question that the party must answer first; and then it must be answered by each individual hereafter. The cartoon depicts two contradictory sides of Carnegie: the business titan and the philanthropist. Our ancestors, when but three millions in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to seventy millions, declare that we are less independent than our forefathers? We do not come as aggressors. I say it was not a question of persons; it was a question of principle; and it is not with gladness, my friends, that we find ourselves brought into conflict with those who are now arrayed on the other side. He would subsequently win the Democratic nomination for president in 1900 and again . Bryan consented, on condition that his own time was extended by the same amount; this was agreed to. The Democratic party has won the greatest success in its history. "[89] The New York Times disparaged Bryan as "the gifted blatherskite from Nebraska". Full text and audio version of "Cross of Gold" at History Matters. Why doesnt he tell us what he is going to do if they fail to secure an international agreement. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of libertythe cause of humanity. One after another, state conventions to elect delegates to the national convention in Chicago repudiated an incumbent elected president of their party, who had not declared whether he would be a candidate for renomination. He favored the monetary policy . There are two ideas of government. We come to speak of this broader class of business men. (This inflationary measure would have increased the amount of money in circulation and aided cash-poor and debt-burdened farmers.) time before some commentator alludes to William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech at the 1896 Democratic convention as the leading example of an orator's ability to sway listeners. Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform that declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it should be changed into bimetallism by an international agreement. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Speakers in some states cursed Cleveland; the South Carolina convention denounced him. Analysis Of William Bryan'S The Cross Of Gold Speech: [Essay Example], 692 words GradesFixer. However, he stated, facing towards the gold delegates, "when you come before us and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests, we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course. We demand the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1 without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation. Our website may have some collections that include images that are in the public domain, not protected by copyright or where the copyright ownership is unknown. The audio portion is an excerpt. Historian Stanley Jones, in his study of the 1896 election, suggests that western Democrats would have opposed Cleveland even if the party had held its congressional majority in 1894; with the disastrous defeat, they believed the party would be wiped out in the West if it did not support silver. The Republican Party platform for the election, formulated at its convention in St. Louis in June, declared, We are unalterably opposed to every measure calculated to debase our currency. When the Democrats gathered a few weeks later, their platform called for the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold. In an eloquent plea for the coinage of silver and an attack on the thesis that gold was the only sound backing for currency, Bryan closed with the peroration, you shall not press down on the brow of labor this crown of thorns. "[92] A farmer in Iowa, in a letter to Bryan, stated, "You are the first big man that i [sic] ever wrote to. My God!"[70][71][73]. South Carolina Senator Benjamin Tillman was to be the other pro-silver speaker, and originally wished to close the debate. He says he also wants to amend this platform so as to provide that if we fail to maintain the parity within a year that we will then suspend the coinage of silver. The temporary chairmanship, for example, would have permitted him to deliver the keynote address. Silver advocates argued that this dropoff, which caused the price of grain to fall below its cost of production, was caused by the failure of the government to adequately increase the money supply, which had remained steady on a per capita basis. Why, if they tell us that the gold standard is a good thing, we point to their platform and tell them that their platform pledges the party to get rid of a gold standard and substitute bimetallism. BRYAN: CROSS OF GOLD. Although Altgeld and his adherents urged voters to distinguish between Cleveland and his party, the Democrats lost 113 seats in the House in the 1894 midterm elections, the greatest loss by a majority party in congressional history. The galleries were filled with white as spectators waved handkerchiefs, and it was several minutes before he could continue. We are fighting in the defense of our homes, our families, and posterity. He says that we are opposing the national bank currency. But Bryan first wished to tie the silver question to a greater cause:[46][76], Upon which side will the Democratic Party fight; upon the side of "the idle holders of idle capital" or upon the side of "the struggling masses"? Conclusion: -main message of Latuff's cartoon process . Nevertheless, Senator John W. Daniel of Virginia was by an overwhelming vote elected temporary chairman, and a Committee on Credentials was appointed that seated Bryan and his contesting Nebraska delegation.[47]. . Trained as a lawyer, Bryan represented the state of Nebraska in the United States Congress, 1891-95. Lafayette, CA: d press, 1995. Cleveland friend and former Postmaster General Donald M. Dickinson wrote to the President in June 1896 hoping that the delegates would recognize "common sense" and be frightened at the thought of nominating a radical. Subscribe 84K views 7 years ago This is a speech from Democratic Candidate William Jennings Bryan, which he originally delivered in 1896. It did not become unconstitutional until one judge changed his mind; and we cannot be expected to know when a judge will change his mind. Jones deemed the Democrats likely to nominate a candidate who would appeal to the Populist Party, and Bryan had been elected to Congress with Populist support. If they tell us that the gold standard is the standard of civilization, we reply to them that this, the most enlightened of all nations of the earth, has never declared for a gold standard, and both the parties this year are declaring against it. It is because no private character, however pure, no personal popularity, however great, can protect from the avenging wrath of an indignant people the man who will either declare that he is in favor of fastening the gold standard upon this people, or who is willing to surrender the right of self-government and place legislative control in the hands of foreign potentates and powers. As a Democratic member of the Ways and Means Committee through two Congresses, Mr. Bryan was by all odds the ablest and strongest orator on the Democratic side of the House. [1] Bryan's address helped catapult him to the Democratic Party's presidential nomination and is considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history. One farmer in the gallery had been about to leave rather than listen to Bryan, whom he deemed a Populist; he had been persuaded to stay. "[69] The gold men, during the address, paid close attention and showed their appreciation for Bryan's oratory. It also repealed the statutory provisions allowing silver bullion to be presented to the Mint and returned in the form of circulating money. Although Hamilton understood that adjustment might be needed from time to time as precious metal prices fluctuated, he believed that if the nation's unit of value were defined only by one of the two precious metals used for coins, the other would descend to the status of mere merchandise, unusable as a store of value. Instructors: CLICK HERE to request a free trial account (only available to college instructors) Primary Source Readers On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned; we have entreated, and our entreaties have been disregarded; we have begged, and they have mocked when our calamity came. The money went for speakers, pamphlets, and other means of conveying their "sound money" campaign to the voter. Both of these movements helped to create the People's Party, or the Populist Party, which officially established its party platform in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 4, 1892. The next day the convention nominated Bryan for President on the fifth ballot. Gold and silver factions in some states, such as Bryan's Nebraska, sent rival delegations to the convention. I am in favor of an income tax. We believe it is a part of sovereignty and can no more with safety be delegated to private individuals than can the power to make penal statutes or levy laws for taxation. President Cleveland sent federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strikeworkers at the Pullman Palace Car Company, which made railroad cars, had struck after wages were cut. This exhibit features cartoons from Jay N. "Ding" Darling, Homer C . [7], The Coinage Act of 1873 eliminated the standard silver dollar. [45] The DNC's action could be reversed, but not until the convention's credentials committee reported. The gentleman from Wisconsin has said he fears a Robespierre. Delegates threw hats, coats, and handkerchiefs into the air. But we stand here representing people who are the equals before the law of the largest cities in the state of Massachusetts. McKinley on the other hand, opted for a front porch campaign. The platform would symbolize the repudiation of Cleveland and his policies after the insurgents' long struggle, and Bryan was determined to close the debate on the platform. Updates? It simply intends to put the burdens of government justly upon the backs of the people. But note the change. 1896 speech by U.S. politician William Jennings Bryan in support of a bimetallic standard, William Jennings Bryan being carried on the shoulders of delegates after giving the speech, Also attributed to an 1892 speech by President, For additional detail on the political career of William Jennings Bryan before and during the 1896 campaign, see, For a fuller explanation of the procedures of American political conventions, see, Possible recording of the original speech, Audio excerpt of the speech later recorded by William Jennings Bryan, William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896, United States presidential nominating convention, William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896 General election campaign, Official Proceedings of the 1896 Democratic National Convention. "[91] Bryan's words gave rise to later economic and political philosophies, including Huey Long's 1930s Share Our Wealth program, with its trigger phrase, "Every Man a King" inspired by Bryan's speech. I shall not slander the fair state of Massachusetts nor the state of New York by saying that when citizens are confronted with the proposition, Is this nation able to attend to its own business?I will not slander either one by saying that the people of those states will declare our helpless impotency as a nation to attend to our own business. If they ask us why we did not embody all these things in our platform which we believe, we reply to them that when we have restored the money of the Constitution, all other necessary reforms will be possible, and that until that is done there is no reform that can be accomplished. He says that mankind won't be crucified on a cross of gold. This statement attracted great cheering, and Bryan turned to rhetorically demolish the compromise position on bimetallismthat it should only be accomplished through international agreement: It is the issue of 1776 over again. But in the early 20th century, the fame of Bryans Cross of Gold speech led him to repeat it numerous times on the Chautauqua lecture circuit where he was an enormously popular speaker. "[56], Vilas quickly lost his audience, which did not want to hear Cleveland defended. They called for the return to pre-1873 laws, which would require the Mint to take all the silver offered it and return it, struck into silver dollars. It demonstrated the need for better communications in wartime. Gold Democrats were successful in a few states in the Northeast, but had little luck elsewhere. ; D. The Democratic Party understood the economy from the point of view of workers and farmers. Circulars were being distributed in Illinois, and admirers in Nebraska, North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and other states were urging his selection among their friends. [28], Bryan believed that he could, if nominated, unite the disaffected behind a strong silver campaign. Political cartoons historically and currently play a significant role in public discourse about serious and important issues. One of the first candidates to appear widely on his own behalf, he was the original whistle-stop campaigner. Our ancestors, when but 3 million, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation upon earth. Forward-Looking Statements Except for historical information, this presentation may contain certain "forward-looking statements". They say we passed an unconstitutional law. Which? [40], The only gold man who put together any sort of campaign for the Democratic nomination was Treasury Secretary John G. Carlisle, but he withdrew in April, stating that he was more concerned about the platform of the party than who would lead it. There is more reason for him to do that than for us to expect to fail to maintain the parity. If the gold standard, and I might call your attention to the fact that some of the very people who are in this convention today and who tell you that we ought to declare in favor of international bimetallism and thereby declare that the gold standard is wrong and that the principles of bimetallism are betterthese very people four months ago were open and avowed advocates of the gold standard and telling us that we could not legislate two metals together even with all the world. Will it choose blessings or cursingslife or deathwhich? [51], The debate on the platform opened at the start of the third day of the convention, July 9, 1896. In his "Cross of Gold" speech, Bryan argued that the debate over monetary policy was part of a broader struggle for democracy, political independence and the welfare of the "common man." Bryan's speech was met with rapturous applause and a celebration on the floor of the convention that lasted for over half an hour. He was nominated two more times as the Democratic presidential nominee, but he lost again to McKinley in 1900 and to Republican candidate William H. Taft (1857-1930) in 1908. It was not in any concerted or open action, however, that Bryan had his strength; it was in the friendly predisposition of the mass of the delegates that he had hopes.[30]. [90] The only paper to predict, after Bryan gave his speech, that he would not be nominated was The Wall Street Journal, which stated, "Bryan has had his day". When McKinley and his advisers, such as industrialist and future senator Mark Hanna, realized that the views were more than transitory, they began intensive fundraising from corporations and the wealthy. He always regarded it as the best point he made during the speech, and only the ending caused more reaction from his listeners: We say to you that you have made the definition of a business man too limited in its application. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [79] He soon retired from the convention, returning to his hotel to await the outcome. [97] Bryan won the South and most of the West, but McKinley's victories in the more populous Northeast and Midwest carried him to the presidency. I shall object to bringing this question down to a level of persons. Governmental response to this shortage was hampered by the fact that officials did not clearly understand what had happened. Latuff here in this cartoon is showing the uncaring of the president to the country. "[67] Harpine suggested that, "by appealing in such an uncompromising way to the agrarian elements and to the West, Bryan neglected the national audience who would vote in the November election". But note the change. [44] Bryan had been waiting outside the committee room when his rivals were seated by a 2723 vote; contemporary accounts state he was "somewhat surprised" at the result. Not only that, but as he listens he can hear with ever increasing distinctness the sound of the waves as they beat upon the lonely shores of St. Helena. 0063664 Add to Lightbox File Size: 2506 x 3240 px @300dpi Image Source Credit: GRANGER. Bryan's speeches evolved over time; in December 1894, in a speech in Congress, he first used a phrase from which would come the conclusion to his most famous address: as originally stated, it was "I will not help to crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. Many in the public saw the bonds as benefiting bankers, not the nation. The attorney in a country town is as much a businessman as the corporation counsel in a great metropolis. We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no more. It made no secret of these preparations. They criticize us for our criticism of the Supreme Court of the United States. What we oppose in that plank is the life tenure that is being built up in Washington which establishes an office-holding class and excludes from participation in the benefits the humbler members of our society. From the beginning of the speech, Bryan suggests that his cause is righteous and. [2] On April 2, 1792, Congress passed the Mint Act of 1792. We are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both. It marked the first american victory over a European power. We have petitioned, and our petitions have been scorned. 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